Dr. Ahmad Redaa
2024-09-02
The four components of the earth, Source: Jain, S. (2014)
The four components of the earth, Source: (a) https://byjus.com (b) Jain, S. (2014)
Layers of the Atmosphere, Source: https://byjus.com
Definition: The lithosphere is the land part of the Earth (litho = stone) and includes all the solid materials constituting the Earth, from surface downward.
Structure:
Parts of the Plates:
Temperature:
Plate Tectonics:
a- Tectonic. b- Chemical (Compositional) and Mechanical layers of the earth and their major characteristics., Source: https://byjus.com
Definition:
The hydrosphere encompasses all of Earth’s water, including water in
liquid, solid, and vapor forms. It covers every part of the planet, from
oceans and rivers to underground aquifers and atmospheric
moisture.
Coverage Percentage:
Water Cycle:
The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above,
and below the surface of the Earth. Key processes include:
Significance:
The Water Cycle, Source: https://www.twinkl.com.tr
The Earth’s interior, Source: Jain, S. (2014)
_ Body waves: they are transmitted through Earth materials. - P Waves (Primary Waves): - Definition: P waves are seismic waves that are the fastest and first to be detected. - What ‘P’ Stands For: Primary - Physical Properties: - Compressional waves that move in a push-pull motion. - Travel through solids, liquids, and gases. - Speed: ~6-14 km/s in the Earth’s crust. - Indications: - P waves can pass through the entire Earth, indicating that the outer core is liquid since they slow down and refract.
A compression wave can be illustrated by a spring (like a Slinky) that is given a sharp push at one end. A shear wave can be illustrated by a rope that is given a quick flick., Source: Steven, E. (2015)
P wave (red) and S wave (blue) velocity variations with depth in Earth, Source: Steven, E. (2015)
Right: generalized rate of temperature increase with depth within Earth.Left: Rate of temperature increase with depth in Earth’s upper 500 kilometres Source: Steven, E. (2015)
Source: Steven, E. (2015)